Is a disorder that is characterized by recurrent seizures

Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal activity of nerve cells, called neurons, in the brain.

What is the degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem?

Motor neuron diseases. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease) is a degenerative disorder of the corticobulbar and spinal tracts (upper motor neurons) and lower cranial nerves in the brainstem and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord (lower motor neurons).

What is a broad term for a cognitive deficit that includes memory impairment?

Dementia is a broad term used to describe the symptoms of a large group of illnesses that affect the brain and cause a progressive decline in a person’s functioning. It is not one specific disease. Dementia symptoms include memory loss, confusion, and personality and behavioural changes.

Which of the following is a hereditary disorder caused by degenerative changes in the cerebrum?

Huntington disease is caused by gradual degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia called the caudate nucleus and putamen. The basal ganglia are collections of nerve cells located at the base of the cerebrum, deep within the brain.

What is pathophysiology epilepsy?

Pathophysiology. Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation.

What are the four types of motor neuron disorders?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) …
Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) …
Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) …
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)

What is the pathophysiology of a seizure?

The basic premise of generalized tonic-clonic seizure pathophysiology is that seizures start with a robust excitation of susceptible epileptic cerebral neurons, which leads to synchronous discharges of progressively larger groups of connected neurons eventually affecting a part of the brain that leads to the clinical …

Which of the following disorder is characterized by a combination of upper and lower motor neuron lesion signs?

Common causes of hyperreflexia include focal brain lesions (typically causing unilateral hyperreflexia), cervical myelopathy, and motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS). The latter is characterized by a combination of upper and lower motor neuron findings.

What is Brown Séquard syndrome?

Brown-Séquard syndrome is a rare spinal disorder that results from an injury to one side of the spinal cord in which the spinal cord is damaged but is not severed completely. It is usually caused by an injury to the spine in the region of the neck or back.

What is a brain disorder with progressive mental decline with personality changes and impaired daily functioning?

Dementia is a term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with your daily life. It isn’t a specific disease, but several diseases can cause dementia.

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What causes Huntington's disease in the brain?

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern Huntington’s disease is caused by an inherited defect in a single gene. Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person needs only one copy of the defective gene to develop the disorder.

What part of the brain does Huntington's disease effect?

This causes them to function poorly and reduce in number over time. The parts of the brain affected include the areas called the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. These inter-connected areas are associated with different types of activity including movement, learning, thinking, planning, motivation and emotion.

How would you describe Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment. Alzheimer’s disease involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.

What is progressive neurological condition of dementia?

Dementia occurs due to physical changes in the brain and is a progressive disease, meaning it gets worse over time. For some people, dementia progresses rapidly, while it takes years to reach an advanced stage for others. The progression of dementia depends greatly on the underlying cause of the dementia.

What are pathological features of dementia?

The degenerative diseases are characterized clinically by loss of neurological function (dementia, loss of movement control, paralysis), and pathologically by loss of neurons. In some of them, loss of neurons is accompanied by specific histopathological findings such as Alzheimer’s plaques and Lewy bodies.

What are the biochemical mechanisms of seizures?

Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG.

What happens in the brain during an epileptic seizure?

During a seizure, there are bursts of electrical activity in your brain, sort of like an electrical storm. This activity causes different symptoms depending on the type of seizure and what part of the brain is involved. Seizures can take on many different forms and affect different people in different ways.

What are the diagnostic criteria for epilepsy?

Electroencephalogram (EEG). This is the most common test used to diagnose epilepsy. In this test, electrodes are attached to your scalp with a paste-like substance or cap. The electrodes record the electrical activity of your brain.

What is provoked and unprovoked seizure?

A provoked seizure has a direct cause such as a head injury, an infection or low blood sugar. An unprovoked seizure does not have an immediate cause. A child must have two or more unprovoked seizures before epilepsy will be considered or have one seizure and an underlying condition with a high risk of more seizures.

Does epilepsy mean recurrent unprovoked seizures?

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder, the hallmark of which is recurrent, unprovoked seizures.

What is the difference between MND and ALS?

The terms Motor Neuron Disease and ALS are often used interchangeably. In reality, however, MND is the generic term for many different types of neurological disorders with ALS being one of them. Regardless of what you call it, proper home care for the patient is of utmost importance.

What is the most common motor neuron disease?

Each kind of motor neuron disease affects different types of nerve cells or has a different cause. ALS is the most common of these diseases in adults.

Why is it called pseudobulbar palsy?

Lepine, in 1877 introduced the term pseudobulbar palsy for differentiation purposes. Pseudobulbar palsy is due to an upper motor lesion caused by bilateral disturbance of the corticobulbar tracts.

What is Hemicord?

Brown-Séquard syndrome, also known as hemicord syndrome, is the result of damage to, or impairment of, the left or right side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by a characteristic pattern of motor and sensory deficits that are determined by the decussation pattern of various white matter tracts.

What is cauda equina syndrome?

Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, cutting off sensation and movement. Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage.

What is spiral cord?

A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the back. It is covered by three thin layers of protective tissue called membranes. The spinal cord and membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae (back bones).

What is motor neuron disorder?

Motor neurone disease (MND) is an uncommon condition that affects the brain and nerves. It causes weakness that gets worse over time. There’s no cure for MND, but there are treatments to help reduce the impact it has on a person’s daily life. Some people live with the condition for many years.

What is bilateral sclerosis?

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a type of motor neuron disease that causes the nerve cells in the brain that control movement to fail over time. PLS causes weakness in your voluntary muscles, such as those you use to control your legs, arms and tongue.

What is the difference between paresis and Plegia?

Paresis is a reduction in muscle strength with a limited range of voluntary movement. Paralysis (-plegia) is a complete inability to perform any movement.

What are the four stages of Alzheimer's disease?

There are five stages associated with Alzheimer’s disease: preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease, mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease, moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and severe dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.